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Toolkit on the types of risks associated with disinformation and the strategic preparation organisations might wish to undertake, originally developed for humanitarian and aid organisations.

A large collection of practical resources to help journalists gather news online, verify information across platforms, and report responsibly.

A project dedicated to the use of video and technology to protect human rights. Particularly relevant are their curation of verification tools, lessons, and resources – as well as advice on various human right topics.

A guide on the dynamics of dangerous speech and designing communications that work to prevent violence, accompanied by workbooks.

Handbook on journalism and disinformation developed by global experts, including chapters on media literacy, fact-checking, verification, and dealing with abuse.

A canonical verification resource. Step-by-step guides on journalist-quality verification of information, images, and video in emergency situations.

An expert guide by the Electronic Frontier Foundation on protecting against online spying and best practices for online communication. Versions in different languages may differ significantly.

Strategy manual for human rights defenders and civil society groups for integrating physical, psycho-social, and digital security, taking readers from learning to strategizing to action.

Tailors traditional risk assessment and penetration testing methodologies to smaller non-profit organizations operating in the developing world. See translation tab for different languages (only portions of the website may be available).

Access Now’s 24/7, multilingual, and free technical support for civil society organizations seeking advice on digital security or needing emergency assistance.

Verification training designed for journalists to spot fake media, fabricated websites, misleading memes, and manipulated videos. The toolkit is also useful to other practitioners seeking to avoid amplification of misleading information. Versions in different languages may differ significantly.

Global database of active and inactive fact-checking websites.

Provides preliminary support for common digital threats, including a set of self-diagnostic tools for human rights defenders, bloggers, activists and journalists, and guidelines to assist a person under threat.

A useful guide that defines key terms relating to “fake news” and disinformation.

An overview of regulatory measures that have been adopted by governments to prevent the spread of disinformation

Guidance on best security practices tailored to journalists and reporters, with a section dedicated to digital threats. ‘Safety notes’ provide a quick-start guide with actionable points.

Easy-to-use click-through guide on cybersecurity measures that are peer-reviewed by a committee of experts.

Dedicated fact-checking initiative in India, with focus on statements made by public figures or government reports.

A resource center for people experiencing online abuse.

Fact-checking reports on contentious issues in the UK and the state of the information landscape.

Academic paper about the dissemination of hyper-partisan political news in Brazil.

A civil society effort to develop consistent standards for evaluating the ethics, fairness, and accuracy of news outlets. Good example of collaboration with platforms, as major search engines are set to use this framework in their efforts to surface trustworthy news.

A look into one country’s legislation for combatting online hate speech and the effects over the course of its implementation.

Discussion of how search and recommendation algorithms impact disinformation on online platforms in the US context.

In-depth survey of young Germans aged 14-24 on their engagement with social media and junk news.

Overview of the online threat landscape faced by civil society organizations and the ecosystem that exists to support them.

First-hand account and reflections from a civil society group dealing with targeted disinformation, including policy recommendations.

Academic report on the politics of social media manipulation, analysing disinformation in Dutch Elections on different platforms. Summary available in Dutch.

The Quint’s fact-checking initiative, focused on debunking junk news in India.

Examination of how junk news operates and spreads across a range of platforms and the research methods that can be adopted for understanding the phenomenon.

Comprehensive overview of issues relating to disinformation and misinformation online; includes recommendations for media and civil society.

Video series on using tools for information security, tailored to journalists and reporters

Discussion of the origin, dissemination, and effects of fake news, focusing on the 2017 German elections as case study.

App that provides digital and physical security advice tailored to human rights defenders, journalists and aid workers. Funded by the Open Technology Fund.

Clear discussion on the limitations of existing policy frameworks for tackling harmful speech and recommendations for improved responses, including capacity-building in civil society.

An independent fact-checking website based in India committed to debunking junk news

A video series promoting a deeper understanding of news literacy where issues are not simply black and white. Content here explores how to identify quality information and approach media critically. The project has a primary focus of Asia.

This resource provides training towards unbiasing the news.

A resource with guidelines for journalists, influencers and content producers to feel more secure about reporting attacks online.

A guide to help researchers and activists monitor social media networks and detect manipulation, including tools and methodologies for data collection and analysis.

A series of webinars and toolkits that help researchers engage with the policy-making process and advocate for evidence-based decision making in government.

An annotated bibliography assembled by Gabrielle Lim and published by the Citizen Lab. This resource serves as a reading list and primer on digital disinformation where it curates work on this topic over the past few years and discusses where the future of research may be heading.

A guide aimed at helping civil society better understand the issue of disinformation and its effects on democracy. Available here is a framework to establish monitoring activities, how to produce evidence to counter disinformation, and strategies to help shape better regulation.

A report on the disinformation problem around the world, with a breakdown of relevant terms and country case studies available.

A short BBC Academy article examining strategies for combatting fake news.

An easy to read article on verifying sources, videos, images, and news on social media platforms. List of links to useful resources also available.

A resource and help guide for victims of online harassment, trolling, and doxxing. Project Overcome’s creation was inspired by the events surrounding GamerGate.

A student-driven fact-checking project by the Journalism and Media Studies Centre (University of Hong Kong) in collaboration with ANNIE (Asian Network of News and Information Educators).

Tips on how to unmask and debunk junk news.

Academic paper on different methods for countering disinformation/junk news and their effectiveness

Website with resources for different target groups on fake news, cyber security, digital literacy, filter bubbles, online polarisation, and much more. Videos, articles and checklists are also available.

Website linking to multiple resources on disinformation and junk news, including checklists, information on action undertaken by the Dutch government, and others.

Preliminary report on regulation of disinformation and political advertisements, analysed through a legal angle (Dutch and European context).

Dutch government policy commitment and suggested strategies for protecting democracy against disinformation.

Dutch fact-checking resource that provides some information on the ‘how-to’ of fact-checking articles and images.

Interactive tool for discovering the most popular junk news stories currently in circulation on Facebook.

A network publishing regular articles on junk news trends, common challenges for fact checkers, and best practices

Useful resource for understanding how a variety of hateful, radical, and conspiratorial internet sub-cultures seek to manipulate media, particularly in the US context

A concise briefing on how algorithms operate, potential harms to society, and how to think about algorithmic accountability

An exploration of how online advertising tactics, such as consumer monitoring and targeting, have been weaponised to spread disinformation in an American context

An in-depth discussion on the potential harms of reporting on hateful movements and a guide to “better practices” for journalists writing about these issues in an American context

Report on how governments and political parties around the world seek to manipulate public opinion using social media.

A clear explanation of why social media platforms serve as ripe ground for the spread of junk news.

Examination of the role of bots in recent Brazilian elections.

Analysis of Twitter activity in the lead-up to the 2018 Brazilian election, with a focus on the sharing of junk news.

Resources for using data safely and ethically for civil society groups, including sample data-use policies and grant opportunities.

Civil society critique of “fake news” discourse in the context of Latin America and the Caribbean, with proposed responses.

Report on a four year study involving ten civil society groups, looking at the technical, social, and political nature of targeted digital threats.

Helpful for understanding politically-motivated phishing attacks on civil society groups, through an in-depth examination of one case

Interactive site linking to a variety of educational resources, activities, and lesson plans for addressing information literacy. Note that links to Ted Ed resources appear in many languages but are only available in English.

An independent online news resource and fact-checker based in India.

Survey research on junk news landscape in Germany.

Big picture working paper on algorithmic processes and their impact on public opinion formation.

A helpful list of toolkits, guides, and information for verifying online information and citizen videos

Guide on keeping safe from individuals, groups, and cybermobs online, written by those who have been the targets of cyber attacks.

Detailed overview of various “information manipulation” phenomena around the world along with responses from government, civil society, and platforms.

Comprehensive field manual for writers, journalists, and allies to counter online harassment, including preparation and response recommendations, legal considerations, resources, and case studies.

Detailed discussion of the relationship between the contemporary online space and political polarisation.

A summary of the junk news landscape in 19 countries and government efforts to combat disinformation

Formal non-profit management literature breaking down the types of trust that exist for non-profits and providing guidance on managing public trust.

An accessible piece on online harassment since ‘Gamergate,’ particularly in the American context, and the forms this harassment can take.

Quick overview on types of political bots and their varying strategies.

Proposed framework for assessing news credibility, developed by a coalition of researchers.

Concise overview of how social bots and botnets operate, with examples from the US and Europe.

An exploration of five efforts led by civil society organisations and journalists to counter disinformation in EU countries.

An initative to research, monitor, and map online harassment of journalists, and to make recommendations to journalists and newsrooms.

Exploration of automation on WhatsApp ahead of 2018 Brazilian elections. Portuguese version available here: https://feed.itsrio.org/poder-computacional-automa%C3%A7%C3%A3o-no-uso-do-whatsapp-nas-elei%C3%A7%C3%B5es-e969746d231f

Offers legal and personal support to individuals experiencing violence online.

Clear explanation of how the ad-tech industry sustains the spread of disinformation.

Academic study on individual motivations for sharing “fake news.” Includes a discussion of the potential limitations of the media literacy approach.

A set of guides and toolkits with safety resources, programs, and services for those newer to digital security. Versions in different languages may differ significantly.

Curated list of academic resources about disinformation, AI, and the tech economy in the European context.

A fact-checking website by AFP global news agency, with a number of dedicated journalist debunking misleading content from across the Asia Pacific region and beyond.